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Phonics

Phonics is a method where children are taught how to read and write by learning how letters correspond to sounds in a language. Through phonics reading, children learn to make connections between sounds and letters. Here we will look at which phonics approach is best for your class. 

One of the most common stumbling blocks for anyone looking to begin teaching phonics is how many bits of phonics terminology there are to learn. Check out this simple glossary to learn what these terms mean.

Phonics: Using the sounds made by individual letters and groups of letters to read words.

Decoding: Using your phonic knowledge to sound out and read words.

Grapheme: A written letter or group of letters, like ‘s’, ‘a’, ‘she’ or ‘air’. Some graphemes are single letters like ‘a’; others are digraphs like ‘ai’.

Digraph: Two letters that make one sound together, like ‘sh’, ‘ai’, ‘oo’.

Phoneme: The sound a letter or group of letters make – e.g. the word ‘mat’ has three phonemes, ‘m’, ‘a’ and ‘t’. The word ‘through’ is longer, but it also has three phonemes, ‘th’, ‘r’ and the ‘oo’ sound in ‘ough’.

Sounding out: Using your phonic knowledge to help you say each sound within a word, e.g. ‘r-e-d’ or ‘s-au-ce-p-a-n’.

Blending: Running the sounds in the word together to read the whole word, e.g. ‘r-e-d, red’, ‘s-au-ce-p-a-n, saucepan’.

High-frequency words (also known as ‘common exception words’): The very important, very common words that we use a lot, but which aren’t always decodable using phonics. This includes crucial words like ‘the’, ‘one’, ‘where’, etc. Children are taught to recognise these words on sight – a few of these words are introduced and learnt at a time.

Reading and phonics

When it comes to helping children with reading, phonics is one of the most effective methods out there. As we know, children studying phonics learn to read by matching written and spoken sounds, which gives them a huge boost towards making sense of written texts.

The way in which children will learn to read in phonics will depend somewhat on what method of phonics teaching you decide to use. However, the basic principles of phonics will still be the same. So, let’s take a look at how children studying phonics learn to read!

As we’ve found out, phonics is all about the process of linking sounds (phoneme) to the symbols that represent them (grapheme). For example, when children encounter the word ‘dog’, they might be taught that the letter ‘d’ represents a short ‘d’ sound. They might then be able to recognise this same sound in other words, such as ‘dig’ and ‘den’. Phonics gradually introduces children to different grapheme-phoneme correspondences (GPCs), and eventually some alternative grapheme and spellings that represent sounds.

As pupils learn new sounds and parts of words through reading in phonics, they’ll become able to decode words that they might not have encountered before. Being able to decode words by reading the phonics grapheme and identifying their sounds is an important skill that will help children to gain reading fluency. By the time they’ve become fluent readers, this process will be almost automatic!

Through the synthetic phonics method, children who are learning phonics learn to read with the help of processes called segmenting and blending. Segmenting is the process of breaking a word apart into its phonemes, while blending means the restructuring of that word. By doing these things, children in phonics learn to read by seeing all the sounds one at a time, before putting them back together and seeing how they work together to form a word.

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